Research indicates that dark chocolate may play a role in alleviating menstrual pain in cases of primary dysmenorrhea, likely due to its high magnesium content and ability to release endorphins, which can improve mood and reduce pain perception.

Research supports the use of magnesium for alleviating menstrual cramps. It is believed to aid in muscle relaxation and may also improve PMS symptoms, including breast tenderness, mood changes, bloating, and fluid retention.

Clinical studies have indicated that calcium supplementation may help reduce the severity of PMS symptoms, including mood swings, appetite changes, early tiredness, water retention, and pain.

Maintaining adequate iron levels is important for women of reproductive age, as menstrual bleeding can contribute to iron loss. Iron is crucial for preventing anemia, which can exacerbate the fatigue and weakness often associated with PMS.

Evidence suggests that higher levels of vitamin D may correlate with fewer PMS symptoms, less pain, and improved mood.

Zinc has a role in numerous enzymatic reactions and may play a role in hormone regulation. Its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties might help alleviate symptoms of PMS and menstrual discomfort.

Research shows that intake of dietary fiber is inversely correlated with the menstrual pain scale.