Hawthorn berry tea, a brew steeped in history and increasingly recognized by modern science, offers a fascinating journey into the world of herbal remedies. Derived from the small, vibrant red berries of the hawthorn plant (belonging to the Crataegus genus), this tea has been cherished across cultures for centuries for its potential to support heart health and overall wellbeing [1]. Its historical significance, often intertwined with folklore and symbolism of hope and love, continues to draw interest from those seeking natural approaches to health [1].
What Exactly is Hawthorn Berry Tea?
Hawthorn berry tea is an herbal infusion made from the berries of plants in the Crataegus genus, a diverse group encompassing hundreds of species of shrubs and small trees within the rose family [1]. Among the most commonly used species for tea are Crataegus monogyna, Crataegus laevigata, and Crataegus oxyacantha[3]. In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Crataegus pinnatifida and Crataegus cuneata are particularly significant [2]. This plant is known by a plethora of common names, reflecting its widespread distribution and long history of use. These names include hawthorn, quickthorn, thornapple, May-tree, and whitethorn in English, and Shān zhā (山楂) in Chinese [2]. While the tea is primarily made from the berries, some preparations may also include the leaves and flowers of the hawthorn plant, which can influence the tea's flavor and potential therapeutic properties [2].
The sheer number of Crataegus species and the fact that different species are favored in various traditional medicine systems suggest that the specific chemical makeup and, consequently, the precise effects of hawthorn berry tea can differ depending on the species utilized. This underscores the importance of identifying the specific species when examining research findings or product information. Furthermore, the practice of using different parts of the plant – berries, leaves, and flowers – in hawthorn preparations indicates that each component may contribute uniquely to the tea's overall therapeutic action and sensory qualities due to varying concentrations of bioactive compounds.
A Journey Through History and Tradition
Traditional Uses in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)
In the realm of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the dried fruits of Crataegus pinnatifida, known as Shān zhā (山楂), hold a revered place, with their use in treating cardiovascular ailments documented as far back as 659 AD [2]. TCM practitioners have long recommended hawthorn fruit to enhance digestion, improve blood circulation, and address heart-related issues such as high blood pressure [2]. From a TCM perspective, Shān zhā is characterized as sweet, sour, and slightly warm, acting on the Liver, Spleen, and Stomach meridians. This makes it a valuable herb for resolving food stagnation, alleviating bloating and indigestion, and stimulating appetite, particularly after consuming heavy or greasy meals. It is also believed to aid in the metabolism of fats and lipids [13]. Additionally, hawthorn fruit finds application in TCM for managing chronic diarrhea and addressing post-partum abdominal discomfort [17]. The sour property of Shān zhā is thought to have an astringent effect, while its warmth helps to break down energy blockages, thereby supporting cardiovascular health, especially in cases of hypertension [13]. Interestingly, even a popular Chinese candy called Haw flakes is believed to retain some of the digestive benefits of the hawthorn fruit [17].
The emphasis on both cardiovascular and digestive benefits in TCM's application of hawthorn reflects a holistic understanding where these two systems are seen as intricately connected. This suggests that hawthorn is valued not merely for treating specific conditions but for its capacity to foster overall equilibrium within the body. Moreover, TCM's characterization of hawthorn's taste, thermal nature, and the meridians it influences offers a distinct framework for comprehending its therapeutic actions, providing a complementary perspective to the biochemical explanations offered by modern science.
Traditional Uses in European Herbal Medicine
For centuries, hawthorn has been a cornerstone of European herbal medicine, celebrated for its ability to support the cardiovascular system [2]. It is recognized as one of the oldest known medicinal plants in this tradition [18]. Its use as a heart tonic dates back to the 1st century AD, with mentions by the Greek physician Dioscorides, and its benefits were further documented by other Greek and European medical figures throughout history [4]. Traditionally, hawthorn was employed to address a wide spectrum of heart-related conditions, including irregular heartbeat, high blood pressure, chest pain (angina), hardening of the arteries, and heart failure [3]. In the early 1800s, American doctors also began utilizing it for circulatory and respiratory ailments [3]. Beyond its physical applications, hawthorn held significant symbolic meaning in European cultures, representing love, marriage, hope, and protection [6]. It also featured in folk medicine as a remedy for grief and emotional heartbreak [6]. Various parts of the plant – berries, leaves, and flowers – were traditionally used for medicinal purposes, often prepared as decoctions, infusions, jams, cordials, and syrups [3].
The consistent use of hawthorn for cardiovascular health across centuries in European herbal medicine highlights a deeply rooted belief in its effectiveness for heart-related issues. This enduring tradition provides a strong historical basis for contemporary scientific investigation into its mechanisms and benefits. Furthermore, the integration of medicinal use with rich folklore and symbolic meanings in European traditions illustrates a cultural connection to the plant that extends beyond its pharmacological properties, suggesting that hawthorn was not just a remedy but also an integral part of cultural beliefs and practices.
Traditional Uses in Other Cultures
Beyond China and Europe, traditional medicine practices in North America, particularly among Native American communities, also recognized the cardiovascular benefits of various Crataegus species [6]. This independent discovery and utilization of hawthorn for similar health purposes by geographically separated cultures further supports the likelihood of genuine therapeutic properties inherent in the plant.
The Science Behind the Sip: Potential Health Benefits
Cardiovascular Health Benefits
Modern scientific research has begun to validate many of the traditional uses of hawthorn berry tea, particularly its benefits for cardiovascular health. Numerous studies suggest that hawthorn berry tea and extracts can improve blood circulation, lower high blood pressure by acting as a vasodilator (relaxing constricted blood vessels), help manage symptoms of heart failure, lower LDL ("bad") cholesterol levels, prevent the buildup of plaque in arteries (atherosclerosis), alleviate chest pain (angina), and help regulate irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmia) [1]. These beneficial effects are largely attributed to the presence of antioxidant compounds called flavonoids and oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs) in hawthorn. These compounds may help to dilate blood vessels, improve blood flow to the heart, and protect the blood vessels from damage [1].
Specific scientific investigations have yielded promising results. For instance, one study found that a daily dose of 900 mg of hawthorn extract was as effective as a low dose of the prescription medication captopril in improving symptoms of heart failure [3]. Another study demonstrated that a daily intake of 1200 mg of hawthorn extract effectively lowered blood pressure in individuals with type 2 diabetes who also had hypertension [3]. Furthermore, research suggests that hawthorn may increase blood flow in the coronary arteries and improve exercise tolerance in individuals with heart conditions [3]. The convergence of scientific evidence largely supports the traditional use of hawthorn for cardiovascular health, indicating its potential to address multiple risk factors and symptoms associated with heart disease. However, it is important to note that the variability in study designs, dosages, and forms of hawthorn used (tea vs. extract) highlights the ongoing need for further standardized research to establish clear clinical guidelines and recommendations. The fact that hawthorn extract has shown comparable efficacy to a conventional medication underscores its significant pharmacological activity on the cardiovascular system, emphasizing the importance of caution when using it alongside prescription drugs and the need for professional medical advice.
Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties
Hawthorn berries are a rich source of polyphenols, flavonoids, and OPCs, which are potent antioxidants that help neutralize harmful molecules called free radicals and reduce oxidative stress in the body [2]. Oxidative stress is implicated in the development of various chronic diseases and the aging process, suggesting that the high antioxidant content of hawthorn berry tea may offer protective benefits. Research also indicates that hawthorn possesses anti-inflammatory properties, which could contribute to overall health and resilience against a range of diseases [1]. Animal studies have shown that hawthorn berry extract can reduce liver inflammation [16], and a compound found in hawthorn leaves, vitexin, has been observed to decrease inflammatory molecules in mice with respiratory conditions [16]. The antioxidant properties of hawthorn may also contribute to skin health by combating free radicals, potentially slowing down the signs of aging and promoting overall skin vitality [11]. Furthermore, hawthorn may help reduce inflammation at the cellular level [22], and its anti-inflammatory effects might extend to the skin, potentially alleviating redness and irritation associated with inflammatory skin conditions [11]. The strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory profile of hawthorn berry tea suggests potential benefits beyond cardiovascular health, contributing to overall wellbeing and potentially playing a role in preventing or managing various chronic conditions linked to oxidative stress and inflammation. While preclinical studies in animals show promising anti-inflammatory effects, further research in humans is needed to confirm these benefits and determine their clinical significance.
Digestive Health Support
Traditionally, hawthorn has been employed to aid digestion, relieve indigestion and stomach pain, and alleviate constipation [2]. It is believed to stimulate the production of bile and stomach acids, which can support efficient nutrient absorption and reduce bloating [11]. The fiber content present in hawthorn berries acts as a prebiotic, nourishing beneficial gut bacteria and promoting healthy digestion [14]. Animal studies have indicated that hawthorn extract can reduce the time it takes for food to pass through the digestive system (gut transit time) and enhance the activity of digestive enzymes that are necessary for breaking down fats and proteins [16]. In Traditional Chinese Medicine, hawthorn (Shān zhā) is particularly valued for its ability to address food stagnation, a condition where food is not being properly digested or moving through the digestive tract [2]. The combination of traditional use and emerging scientific understanding regarding hawthorn's effects on digestive processes suggests a potential role for hawthorn berry tea in supporting gastrointestinal health and alleviating common digestive complaints.
Potential Benefits for Anxiety and Sleep
Hawthorn berry tea is also believed to possess calming and sedative effects that may help to reduce stress and anxiety levels and improve the quality of sleep [1]. It is thought to contain compounds that may interact with neurotransmitters in the brain, promoting relaxation and improving mood [22]. Some research suggests that compounds found in hawthorn, such as flavonoids and oligomeric proanthocyanidins, may have a calming effect on the nervous system [1]. Traditionally, hawthorn has been used to soothe nervous tension, enhance sleep quality, and alleviate symptoms of anxiety and even depression [6]. The traditional use of hawthorn for its calming effects and the preliminary scientific suggestions about its influence on the nervous system indicate a potential benefit for managing anxiety and improving sleep, although more extensive research is needed to fully understand the extent and mechanisms of these effects.
Other Potential Health Benefits
Beyond these primary areas, hawthorn berry tea may offer other potential health benefits. Some research suggests it may have mild diuretic effects, which can help the body eliminate excess fluid [21]. Its rich antioxidant content may also contribute to supporting the immune system [11]. Additionally, there is some evidence suggesting that hawthorn berry tea may aid in maintaining healthy cholesterol levels [21]. These additional potential benefits further enhance the profile of hawthorn berry tea as a multifaceted health-promoting beverage.
Brewing the Perfect Cup: Preparation and Dosage
To prepare hawthorn berry tea, a common method involves using approximately 1 teaspoon of dried hawthorn berries for each cup of boiling water [1]. It is often recommended to crush the berries slightly before brewing to help release their beneficial compounds [1]. The berries are then steeped in the hot water for about 10 to 15 minutes before straining [1]. Some suggest that simmering the berries in water for a longer period, such as 15 to 20 minutes, can result in a stronger tea [1]. For those using fresh hawthorn berries, a general guideline is to use about 10 to 15 berries per cup of water [2]. Some sources recommend steeping the berries for several hours or even overnight to create a more potent infusion [6]. To enhance the flavor, optional additions like honey, lemon, ginger, or cinnamon can be incorporated [1].
It's important to note that the dosages mentioned in scientific studies often refer to concentrated hawthorn extracts, typically ranging from 160 to 1200 mg daily [3]. These dosages may not directly translate to the amount of active compounds obtained from a standard cup of hawthorn berry tea made with whole berries. While general guidelines for tea preparation exist, individual needs and preferences may vary. Some brands, like Buddha Teas, utilize both the berries and flowers of the hawthorn plant in their tea bags [2], while Full Leaf Tea Company suggests a shorter steeping time of 5 to 7 minutes for their organic hawthorn berries [20]. As with any herbal remedy, it is advisable to start with general preparation guidelines and adjust based on personal experience and desired strength. For specific dosage recommendations, especially when considering hawthorn for medicinal purposes, consulting with a healthcare professional is always recommended.
A Symphony of Flavors and Aromas
The flavor profile of hawthorn berry tea is often described as mildly tangy with a subtle sweetness, sometimes reminiscent of overripe apples or a mix of berries, with a hint of earthiness or floral notes [2]. However, some individuals find the taste to be more akin to a medicinal brew rather than a typical fruit tea [15]. The taste can be influenced by factors such as the ripeness of the berries, the concentration of the brew, and the duration of steeping [2]. Organic hawthorn berry tea may have a particularly subtle and light flavor [20]. The berries themselves offer a sweet and sour taste, while the leaves and flowers of the plant tend to be more astringent [6]. These diverse descriptions suggest that the taste experience is subjective and can be influenced by various factors. Comparing the flavor to familiar fruits like apples, berries, rose hips, and cranberries provides a helpful reference point for those who have never tasted hawthorn berry tea before, allowing them to form an expectation of its taste.
Finding Your Hawthorn Tea: Brands and Sources
Hawthorn berry tea and related products are readily available from a variety of brands and sources. These include specialized tea companies like Buddha Teas and Full Leaf Tea Company, herbal suppliers such as Sacred Plant Co., HerbCo.com, Anima Mundi Herbals, and Mountain Rose Herbs, as well as major online retailers like Amazon [1]. Many of these suppliers offer organic options, catering to consumers who prioritize natural and sustainably sourced herbal teas [1]. The wide availability of hawthorn berry tea from diverse retailers indicates that it is a relatively accessible herbal remedy for those interested in exploring its potential benefits. The prevalence of organic choices also reflects a market trend towards prioritizing quality and purity in herbal teas.
Real-Life Experiences
Insights from user reviews and blog posts suggest that individuals consume hawthorn berry tea for a variety of reasons, often aligning with its traditional and scientifically suggested benefits. These include supporting heart health, improving circulation, aiding digestion, relieving anxiety, and promoting better sleep [18]. Some users appreciate its mild and pleasant taste, describing it as "mellow and nice," while others find it to have a more distinctly medicinal flavor [15]. One individual reported that hawthorn berry powder was helpful for addressing slow digestion and reducing anxiety [19], while another described it as a valuable addition to their daily wellness routine [18]. These anecdotal accounts generally support the potential benefits of hawthorn berry tea, particularly in the areas of cardiovascular health, digestion, and mental wellbeing, although individual experiences with the taste can vary.
Important Considerations: Safety and Precautions
While hawthorn berry tea offers potential health benefits, it is important to be aware of certain safety considerations. Hawthorn has the potential to interact with several types of medications, including those prescribed for heart conditions such as digoxin, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers, as well as medications for high blood pressure, male sexual dysfunction (PDE-5 inhibitors), and blood thinners (anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs) [7]. Therefore, individuals with existing heart conditions or those taking any medications should absolutely consult their healthcare provider before using hawthorn berry tea [7]. Due to its potential effects on blood clotting, it is generally recommended to discontinue the use of hawthorn at least 2 weeks before any scheduled surgery [7]. Furthermore, some evidence suggests that hawthorn may not be beneficial in all cases of heart failure and could potentially be harmful in certain situations, further emphasizing the need for medical guidance [16]. While hawthorn is generally considered safe for most people in moderate doses (studies have examined doses up to 1800 mg daily for up to 16 weeks), individual sensitivities can still occur [7]. Given these potential interactions and considerations, responsible use and professional medical advice are paramount.
Conclusion
Hawthorn berry tea stands as a testament to the enduring wisdom of traditional herbal medicine, with its historical use for supporting heart health now being increasingly validated by modern scientific research. Its potential benefits extend beyond the cardiovascular system, encompassing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, digestive support, and even potential relief from anxiety and sleep disturbances. While the tea offers a complex flavor profile that can be both subtly sweet and mildly tangy, its accessibility and the positive experiences reported by many users make it an intriguing option for those seeking natural wellness support. However, it is crucial to acknowledge the potential for interactions with medications and the importance of consulting with a healthcare professional before incorporating hawthorn berry tea into one's routine, especially for individuals with pre-existing health conditions or those taking prescription drugs. By approaching this time-honored remedy with informed awareness and responsible consumption, individuals can explore its potential benefits as part of a holistic approach to health.
